Exploring the Link between Severe Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65293/jbkcd.v1i01.6Keywords:
Severe Periodontitis, Diabetes Mellitus, Inflammation, Smoking, HbA1c, C-Reactive Protein, Risk FactorsAbstract
Objective: The relationship between periodontitis and diabetes mellitus is bidirectional, primarily mediated by systemic inflammation. This paper examines the relationship between diabetes and severe periodontitis in adult populations residing in desert areas.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Periodontology, Rehman College of Dentistry, Rehman Medical Institute (RMI), Hayatabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; from April to September 2022.
Methodology: A total of 314 patients were included, of whom 157 developed severe periodontitis according to the CDC/AAP clinical criteria. They were measured in terms of demographic, lifestyle, oral health, and biochemical parameters. Associated risk factors were identified using logistic regression.
Results: Older subjects with a mean age of 58.1 years (19.7 years older, p < 0.001) and males (59.9% vs. 47.1% men, p = 0.024) had severe periodontitis significantly more often than younger subjects and females, respectively. This group also had a higher prevalence of diabetes (46.5 % vs. 18.5 %, p < 0.001) and current smoking (30.6 % vs. 12.1 %, p < 0.001). The clinical findings included a reduced number of teeth, an elevated plaque index, greater gingival bleeding, and increased tooth mobility (all p < 0.001). There was a higher level of fasting glucose (128.4 vs. 99.7 mg/dL), HbA1c (7.2% vs. 5.9%), and C-reactive protein (4.2 vs. 2.6 mg/L) in patients with severe periodontitis (all p < 0.001). The logistic regression indicated that the significant predictors (p < 0.001) were diabetes (OR = 3.35), smoking (OR = 2.85), and gingival bleeding (OR = 4.95).
Conclusion: Diabetes, smoking, and systemic inflammation are strongly linked with severe periodontitis. By considering oral health care as part of diabetes care, it may be possible to improve overall health outcomes.
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